Another major advantage was a new tactical formation, the manipular legion (adopted around 300BC ), which could operate independently to take advantage of gaps in an enemy line, as at the Battle of Pydna. The Romans made it possible for small-unit commanders to receive rewards and medals for valor and advancement in battle.
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Rome made their army into a complex professional organization, with a developed leadership structure and a rank system. However, as effective as the Greek phalanx was, it was inflexible. Carefully organized-into tetrarchia of 64 men, taxiarchiae of two tetrarchiae, syntagmatae of two taxiarchiae, chilliarchiae of four syntagmatae, and phalanges of four chilliarchiae, with two chilliarchiae of peltasts and one chilliarchia each of psiloi and epihipparchy (cavalry) attached -and thoroughly trained, these proved exceedingly effective in the hands of Alexander III of Macedon. Theban and Macedonian tactics were variations focused on a concentrated point to break through the enemy phalanx, following the shock of cavalry. In the fourth century BC Philip II of Macedon reorganized his army, with emphasis on phalanges, and the first scientific military research.
Although the early Greeks focused on the chariot, because of local geography, the phalanx was well developed in Greece and had superseded most cavalry tactics by the Greco-Persian Wars. It was most effective in narrow areas, such as Thermopylae, or in large numbers. It was a tightly knit group of hoplites, generally upper and middle class men, typically eight to twelve ranks deep, armored in helmet, breastplate, and greaves, armed with two-to-three metre (6~9 foot) pikes and overlapping round shields. The infantry phalanx was a Sumerian tactical formation as far back as the third millennium BC.
Tactics in urban areas, jungles, mountains, deserts or arctic areas are all markedly different. In recent years, peacekeeping operations in support of humanitarian relief efforts have become particularly important. Armoured and mechanised infantry are moved and supported in action by vehicles, while others may operate amphibiously from ships, or as airborne troops inserted by helicopter, parachute or glider, whereas light infantry may operate mainly on foot. Modern infantry tactics vary with the type of infantry deployed. In different periods the numbers of troops deployed as a single unit can also vary widely, from thousands to a few dozen. Similarly, as weapons and tactics evolve, so do the tactical formations employed, such as the Greek phalanx, the Spanish tercio, the Napoleonic column, or the British 'thin red line'. In the opposite direction, tactical methods can encourage the development of particular technologies. In different periods, the prevailing technology of the day has had an important impact on infantry tactics. Infantry tactics are the oldest method of warfare and span all eras. ( For a wider view of battle and theater tactics see: Military strategy)
Throughout history, infantrymen have sought to minimise their losses in both attack and defence through effective tactics. Infantry commonly makes up the largest proportion of an army's fighting strength, and consequently often suffers the heaviest casualties. The role of the infantry on the battlefield is, typically, to close with and engage the enemy, and hold territorial objectives infantry tactics are the means by which this is achieved. Infantry tactics are the combination of military concepts and methods used by infantry to achieve tactical objectives during combat.
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